Ligament and Tendon Repair with Adult Stem Cells

The following sections are included:
• Introduction
• Cells Responsible for Natural Tendon Repair
• The Effect of the Initial Cell Number on Tissue Regeneration
• Cell Sources for Ligament and Tendon Tissue Engineering
• MSCs for Ligament and Tendon Regeneration
• Cell Therapy and Scaffold-free Tissue Engineering
• Scaffold-based Ligament/Tendon Tissue Engineering Using MSCs
• MSCs for Ligament/Tendon-to-Bone Interface Healing
• Ligament/Tendon-Specific Progenitors and the Tenogenesis Pathway
• Growth and Differentiation Factors
• Mechanical Stimulation Using Bioreactors
• MSCs for Gene Therapy
• Future Research
• References